Refractory Materials Under Various Classification Methods

Refractory materials can be classified in several ways, primarily based on refractoriness, shape, chemical composition, chemical properties, and bulk density. Specifically:

Based on refractoriness:

  • 1) Ordinary refractories, refractoriness 1580~1770℃.
  • 2) High-grade refractories, refractoriness 1770℃.
  • 3) Extra-high-grade refractories, refractoriness above 2000℃.

Based on product shape:

  • 1) Block refractories (further divided into standard bricks, shaped bricks, and special-shaped products).
  • 2) Monolithic refractories (such as refractory concrete, refractory plastics, refractory fibers, etc.).

Based on their chemical and mineral composition, products can be classified as follows:

1) Silica-based products

  • ① Silica bricks, containing no less than 93% SiO2.
  • ② Quartz glass products, containing more than 93% SiO2.
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2) Aluminosilicate products (classified by SiO2 and Al2O3 content):

  • ① Semi-silica bricks, containing more than 65% SiO2 and less than 30% Al2O3.
  • ② Clay bricks, containing 30%~48% Al2O3.
  • ③ High-alumina bricks, containing 48% Al2O3.
  • ④ High-purity, high-alumina products, such as corundum bricks and corundum-mullite bricks.

3) Magnesia-based products

  • ① Magnesia bricks, containing more than 85% MgO and less than 3.5% CaO.
  • ② Magnesia-alumina bricks, containing more than 80% MgO and 5%~10% Al2O3.
  • ③ Magnesia-chrome bricks, containing more than 48% MgO and more than 8% Cr2O3. ④ Dolomite bricks, containing more than 40% CaO and more than 30% MgO.
  • ⑤ Magnesia-silica bricks, containing more than 82% MgO, more than 11% SiO2, and no more than 2.5% CaO.
  • ⑥ Magnesia-carbon bricks, containing more than 70% MgO and more than 4% C.

4) Chromium-based products, containing approximately 30% Cr2O3.

5) Carbonaceous refractories, with a graphitic carbon content of 20%–70% or a coke-based carbon content of 70%–90%.

6) Other high-grade refractories, including zirconium refractories (ZrO2, SiO2), carbides (zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, etc.), and nitrides (titanium, zirconium, tantalum, etc.).

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Refractory materials can be classified according to their chemical properties as follows:

  • 1) Acidic refractory bricks, mainly composed of SiO2, are susceptible to corrosion by alkaline slags, such as silica bricks.
  • 2) Basic refractory bricks, mainly composed of MgO and CaO, are susceptible to corrosion by acidic slags, such as magnesia bricks.
  • 3) Neutral refractory bricks, resistant to both acidic and alkaline slags, such as magnesia-chrome bricks.

Based on the refractory materials’ bulk density, they can be classified as follows:

  • 1) Heavy refractory bricks, with a bulk density of 2.2~2.75 g/cm³.
  • 2) Lightweight refractory bricks, with a bulk density of 0.4~1.3 g/cm³.
  • 3) ultra-lightweight bricks, with a bulk density of 0.3~0.4 g/cm³, can be used as thermal insulation materials.

Density of Refractory Castables

The density of refractory castables varies depending on the type, formulation, and application. The following are density ranges for common refractory castables for reference:

  1. Lightweight Insulating Refractory Castables
    • Semi-lightweight: Bulk density 1.0–1.8 g/cm³.
    • Lightweight: Bulk density 0.4–1.0 g/cm³.
    • Ultra-lightweight: Bulk density less than 0.4 g/cm³.
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  1. Ordinary Refractory Castables
    • High-alumina castable: Bulk density generally 2.05–2.65 g/cm³ (after drying at 110℃).
    • Mullite castable: Bulk density ≥ 2.2 g/cm³ (after drying at 110℃).
    • Corundum-mullite castable: Bulk density 2.7–3.1 g/cm³ (after treatment at different temperatures from 110℃ to 1100℃).
    • Silicon carbide castable: Bulk density ≥ 2.24 g/cm³.
  1. Special Functional Refractory Castables
    • Lightweight Alkali-Resistant Castable: Dry density 1.5–1.6 g/cm³, Fired density 1.4–1.5 g/cm³.
    • Heavyweight Alkali-Resistant Castable: Dry density 2.20–2.59 g/cm³, Fired density 2.20–2.40 g/cm³.

The density data for the above refractory castables are approximate ranges. Actual densities may vary depending on specific formulations, manufacturing processes, and operating temperatures. For accurate densities of specific products, please refer to the product manual or consult the manufacturer. RS Kiln Refractory Factory provides high-quality refractory lining materials for high-temperature industrial furnaces. Contact RS Factory for free samples and quotations.

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